Pigmentation disorders are common skin problems that cause dark or light spots and patches on the skin. It affects people of all skin types but is more common in those with darker skin. This blog explains the different types of pigmentation disorders, their causes, and how to treat them.
HOW DOES PIGMENTATION DEVELOP?
Pigmentation happens when the cells that make melanin, called melanocytes, become too active. They produce too much melanin, which clumps together and forms dark spots. In some cases, the melanocytes fail to produce melanin, leading to light patches on the skin. This can be more obvious in people with darker skin.
1. HYPOPIGMENTATION
Hypopigmentation is the loss of skin colour due to reduced melanin production. It appears as lighter patches of skin.
Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor, also known as tinea versicolor, is a fungal infection that results in small, discolored patches on the skin. These patches can be lighter or darker than the surrounding skin and often appear on the chest, back, and upper arms.
Causes: This condition is caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Malassezia, which is naturally found on the skin. Factors such as hot, humid weather, excessive sweating, oily skin, and a weakened immune system can promote the growth of this yeast.
Treatment: Antifungal treatments, including topical creams, shampoos (like selenium sulfide), and oral antifungal medications, are effective. Keeping the skin dry and wearing loose-fitting clothing can help prevent recurrences.
Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a condition where the skin loses pigment in patches, resulting in white or light-colored areas.
Causes: It is believed to be an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks melanocytes.
Treatment: Topical treatments, light therapy, and, in some cases, surgery. Cosmetic solutions like makeup and self-tanners can also help cover the patches.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a complete or partial absence of melanin production. This results in very light skin, hair, and eye color. Albinism can also affect vision.
Causes: Albinism is caused by mutations in genes that affect the production of melanin. It is an inherited condition, meaning a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to have the condition.
Treatment: There is no cure for albinism, but managing the condition involves protecting the skin and eyes from sun damage with sunscreen, protective clothing, and sunglasses. Regular eye check-ups are also important due to the increased risk of vision problems.
2. HYPERPIGMENTATION
Melasma
Melasma appears as brown or gray-brown patches, usually on the face. It's more common in women, especially during pregnancy.
Causes: Hormonal changes, sun exposure, and genetics.
Treatment: Creams (like hydroquinone and tretinoin), chemical peels, laser treatments, and sun protection.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)
PIH looks like dark spots or patches that show up after the skin has healed from irritations or inflammations like acne, eczema, or injury.
Causes: Inflammation that makes the skin produce too much melanin.
Treatment: look for creams and serums that regulate the production of melanin like our hydrating face cream. Ingredients like azelaic acid, retinoids, and kojic acid, chemical peels, and sun protection.
Dark Under Eye Circles
Description: Dark circles under the eyes are a common concern and can appear as blue, purple, or brown discoloration.
Causes: Genetics, lack of sleep, aging, allergies, and thinning skin.
Treatment: Topical treatments (like retinol and vitamin C), chemical peels, laser therapy, fillers, and proper sleep and hydration.
Freckles (Ephelides)
Small light brown spots that become more noticeable with sun exposure.
Causes: Genetics and sun exposure.
Treatment: Laser treatments, chemical peels, and sun protection.
4 TIPS TO PREVENT HYPERPIGMENTATION
Preventing hyperpigmentation is as important as treating it. Here are some tips:
- Sun protection: Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 every day, even when it’s cloudy. Reapply every two hours if you’re outside.
- Avoid picking skin: Don’t pick at acne or other skin injuries to avoid PIH.
- Gentle skincare: Use mild skincare products that don’t irritate your skin. Look for non-comedogenic and fragrance-free options.
- Regular exfoliation: Gentle exfoliation can help remove dead skin cells and prevent clogged pores, reducing the risk of dark spots.
Learn more about hyperpigmentation in our Simple Guide To Understanding Hyperpigmentation